Vitamina E (utilizzato sotto forma di estere) o Alfatocoferile acetato
Pubblicato il 20/03/2015
Utilizzo:
E’ il componente base del composto vitaminico dell’MDB con funzioni sia di solvente dei retinoidi che antiossidante sugli stessi. Si trova in proporzione di 1000 g (o millilitri, essendo in questo caso le misure di massa per i volumi non molto dissimili rispetto ai 2 g di betacarotene e allo 0,5 g di acido retinoico e axeroftolo).
E’ il componente base del composto vitaminico dell’MDB con funzioni sia di solvente dei retinoidi che antiossidante sugli stessi. Si trova in proporzione di 1000 g (o millilitri, essendo in questo caso le misure di massa per i volumi non molto dissimili rispetto ai 2 g di betacarotene e allo 0,5 g di acido retinoico e axeroftolo).
Caratteristiche Farmacologiche:
E’ una vitamina liposolubile che si utilizza sotto forma di estere acetato perché più stabile e possiede una formidabile attività antiossidante e antiradicali liberi. E’ stata dimostrata anche una primaria funzione antidegenerativa della vitamina E sul tessuto nervoso e vascolare. Il ruolo fondamentale è antiossidante e come componente di sistemi enzimatici essenziali come la Cromo-C Reduttasi, e del metabolismo di quegli acidi nucleici che essendo componenti del nucleo cellulare interagiscono con tutte le funzioni vitali. Come costituente di sistemi enzimatici la vitamina E agisce direttamente sugli scambi energetici e sulla vita stessa attraverso il trasposto degli elettroni nella catena respiratoria. In presenza di vitamina E acidi grassi insaturi vitali come la vitamina A, l’acido retinoico e carotenoidi, possono avere un’esaltazione fino al raddoppiamento dell’attività e dell’efficacia biologica. Essendo nota l’incidenza dei radicali liberi nella catena etiopatogenetica (fattori causali) dei tumori ed essendo comunemente ritenuti i radicali liberi tra i maggiori responsabili della carcinogenesi, si deduce il peso determinante della vitamina E (dotata di altissima attività antiradicali liberi) nella prevenzione e terapia antitumorale. Nelle proporzioni di 100 mg per kg di peso corporeo, in pratica la vitamina E azzera i radicali liberi. Si possono così sintetizzare i meccanismi d’azione con cui la vitamina E interviene nella prevenzione e terapia dei tumori: Azione anti radicali liberi e antiossidante in ciò sinergica e potenziata da vitamina C, retinoidi e melatonina.
Documenti scientifici associati:
Ricerche in vivo(Organi, tessuti, cellule o sistemi biochimici isolati - Definizione IUPAC Gold Book)
- 1979 Sep: Vitamin E induces morphological differentiation and increases the effect of ionizing radiation on neuroblastoma cells in culture;
- 1980 Jun: Vitamin E increases the growth inhibitory and differentiating effects of tumor therapeutic agents on neuroblastoma and glioma cells in culture;
- 1981 Feb: Binding of vitamin E in mammalian tumor cells in culture;
- 1986 Aug: Vitamin E enhances the chemotherapeutic effects of adriamycin on human prostatic carcinoma cells in vitro;
- 1990 Nov: Decreased expressions of c-myc and H-ras oncogenes in vitamin E succinate induced morphologically differentiated murine B-16 melanoma cells in culture;
- 1992 Aug: beta-Carotene and alpha-tocopherol are synergistic antioxidants;
- 1994 Feb: Modification of the effect of tamoxifen, cis-platin, DTIC, and interferon-alpha 2b on human melanoma cells in culture by a mixture of vitamins;
- 1995 Jun: Growth inhibition and apoptosis of RL human B lymphoma cells by vitamin E succinate and retinoic acid: role for transforming growth factor beta;
- 1996 Feb: Effect of individual and multiple antioxidant vitamins on growth and morphology of human nontumorigenic and tumorigenic parotid acinar cells in culture;
- 1997 Jan: Carotenoids Enhance Vitamin E Antioxidant Efficiency;
- 1997 Feb: RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate inhibits EL4 thymic lymphoma cell growth by inducing apoptosis and DNA synthesis arrest;
- 1998 May: Tocotrienols inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells irrespective of estrogen receptor status;
- 1998 Oct: Beta-carotene with vitamins E and C offers synergistic cell protection against NOx;
- 2003 Mar: Alpha-tocopherol protects against cisplatin-induced toxicity without interfering with antitumor efficacy;
- 2005 Nov: Tocopherol-associated protein suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway;
- 2007 Feb: Vitamin E suppresses telomerase activity in ovarian cancer cells;
- 2009 Jan: RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate potentiates the antitumor effect of calcitriol in prostate cancer without overt side effects;
- 2009 Mar: Dual expression of alpha-tocopherol-associated protein and estrogen receptor in normal/benign human breast luminal cells and the downregulation of alpha-tocopherol-associated protein in estrogen-receptor-positive breast carcinomas;
- 2009 Sep: Effect of alpha tocopherol acetate in Walker 256/B cells-induced oxidative damage in a rat model of breast cancer skeletal metastases;
- 2010 Jan: A gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols inhibits chemically induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice and xenograft tumor growth;
- 2013 Apr: Tocotrienols promote apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by inducing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B activity;
- 2013 Aug: Simultaneous analysis of circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D2, retinol, tocopherols, carotenoids, and oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q10 by high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode-array detection using C18 and C30 columns alone or in combination;
- 2014 Apr: Y-tocotrienol inhibits angiogenesis-dependent growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma through abrogation of AKT/mTOR pathway in an orthotopic mouse model;
- 2014 Jul: Treatment of tumors with vitamin E suppresses myeloid derived suppressor cells and enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor effects;
- 2016 Nov: A naturally occurring mixture of tocotrienols inhibits the growth of human prostate tumor, associated with epigenetic modifications of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27;
- 2017 May: δ-Tocotrienol, a natural form of vitamin E, inhibits pancreatic cancer stem-like cells and prevents pancreatic cancer metastasis;
- 2017 Sep: Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) Exhibits Antitumour Activity on Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells ORL-48;
- 2018 Mar: Counteraction of Oxidative Stress by Vitamin E Affects Epigenetic Regulation by Increasing Global Methylation and Gene Expression of MLH1 and DNMT1 Dose Dependently in Caco-2 Cells;
- 2018 Jun: L-ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol attenuate arsenic trioxide-induced toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes by the activation of Nrf2 and Bcl2 transcription factors;
- 2018 Sep: Vitamin E d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) provokes cell death in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells via a pro-oxidant signaling mechanism;
- 2019 Jan: Effect of Chemotherapeutics and Tocopherols on MCF-7 Breast Adenocarcinoma and KGN Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines In Vitro.
In Vivo (Solo su animali)
- 1973 Sep: Reduced effect of irradiation on normal and malignant cells irradiated in vivo in mice pretreated with vitamin E;
- 1978 Sep: Tocopherol and local X-ray irradiation of two transplantable rat tumours;
- 1981 Feb: Tocopherol in irradiation of experimental neoplasms. Influence of dose and administration;
- 1982 May: Oral mucosal carcinogenesis in hamsters: inhibition by vitamin E;
- 1982 Sep: Vitamin E inhibition of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. A gross, histologic, and ultrastructural study;
- 1983 Sep: Protective effect of vitamin E against immunosuppression induced by adriamycin, mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in mice;
- 1987 Mar: Effect of Vitamin E as an Immunopotentiation Agent and Its Influence on Tumor Growth in Mice;
- 1987 Jul: A role of vitamin E in protection against cell injury. Maintenance of intracellular glutathione precursors and biosynthesis;
- 1987 Jul: Vitamin E protection against chemical-induced cell injury. II. Evidence for a threshold effect of cellular alpha-tocopherol in prevention of adriamycin toxicity;
- 1993 Jun: Protective effects of vitamins C and E against gamma-ray-induced chromosomal damage in mouse;
- 1997 Sep: Protective effects of vitamin E and C on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in developing rats;
- 2000 Apr: The effect of selenium and/or vitamin E treatments on radiation-induced intestinal injury in rats;
- 2000 Aug: alpha-Tocopherol enhances tumour growth inhibition by cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II);
- 2003 Mar: Alpha-tocopherol protects against cisplatin-induced toxicity without interfering with antitumor efficacy;
- 2003 Jul: Ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol as potent modulators on arsenic induced toxicity in mitochondria;
- 2004 Feb: Selenium and high dose vitamin E administration protects cisplatin-induced oxidative damage to renal, liver and lens tissues in rats;
- 2005 Nov: Tocopherol-associated protein suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway;
- 2005 Dec: Protective effects of increasing vitamin E and a doses on cisplatin-induced oxidative damage to kidney tissue in rats;
- 2006 Mar: Effects of melatonin and vitamin E on oxidative-antioxidative status in rats exposed to irradiation;
- 2009 Jan: RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate potentiates the antitumor effect of calcitriol in prostate cancer without overt side effects;
- 2009 Feb: Comparative effect of melatonin and vitamin E on phenylhydrazine-induced toxicity in the spleen of Funambulus pennanti;
- 2009 Sep: Effect of alpha tocopherol acetate in Walker 256/B cells-induced oxidative damage in a rat model of breast cancer skeletal metastases;
- 2010 Jan: A gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols inhibits chemically induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice and xenograft tumor growth;
- 2010 Dec: Chemopreventive effects of early-stage and late-stage supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on esophageal carcinogenesis in rats maintained on a low vitamin E/selenium diet;
- 2014 Apr: Y-tocotrienol inhibits angiogenesis-dependent growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma through abrogation of AKT/mTOR pathway in an orthotopic mouse model;
- 2014 Jul: Treatment of tumors with vitamin E suppresses myeloid derived suppressor cells and enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor effects;
- 2015 Dec: Protective Role of Selenium and High Dose Vitamin E against Cisplatin - Induced Nephrotoxicty in Rats;
- 2016 Nov: A naturally occurring mixture of tocotrienols inhibits the growth of human prostate tumor, associated with epigenetic modifications of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27;
- 2016 Dec: Alleviation of 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in rats by vitamin E via targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory markers;
- 2017 May: δ-Tocotrienol, a natural form of vitamin E, inhibits pancreatic cancer stem-like cells and prevents pancreatic cancer metastasis.
Review
- 1991 Nov: Vitamin E and cancer prevention;
- 1993 Sep: Partners in defense, vitamin E and vitamin C;
- 1994 Feb: Vitamin E in the genesis and prevention of cancer. A review;
- 1995 Dec: Vitamin E: beyond antioxidant function;
- 1995 Dec: Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants;
- 1997 Feb: Vitamin E and breast cancer: a review;
- 2001 Jan: Vitamin E: mechanisms of action as tumor cell growth inhibitors;
- 2004 Dec: Multiple dietary antioxidants enhance the efficacy of standard and experimental cancer therapies and decrease their toxicity;
- 2004 Dec: Vitamin E and breast cancer;
- 2008 May: Multitargeted therapy of cancer by tocotrienols;
- 2008 Aug: Vitamin E and cancer: An insight into the anticancer activities of vitamin E isomers and analogs;
- 2009 Apr: Alpha-tocopherol: looking beyond an antioxidant;
- 2010 Aug: Inhibition of inflammation and carcinogenesis in the lung and colon by tocopherols;
- 2011 Nov: Tocotrienol as a potential anticancer agent;
- 2011 Dec: Vitamin E and immunity (Pekmezci);
- 2012 Jan: The Role of Vitamin E in Prostate Cancer;
- 2012 Aug: Tocotrienol research: past into present;
- 2012 Dec: Antioxidants and its role in Oral Cancer- A Review;
- 2013 Apr: Bioavailability of vitamin E in humans: an update;
- 2013 Dec: The role of alpha tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) as a potential anticancer agent;
- 2014 Oct: Role of vitamin e in prevention of oral cancer:-a review;
- 2017 Sep: Induction of cellular and molecular Immunomodulatory pathways by vitamin E and vitamin C;
- 2018 Feb: Tocotrienols: The promising analogues of vitamin E for cancer therapeutics;
- 2018 Aug: Preventive measures in oral cancer: An overview;
- 2018 Nov: The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity;
- 2018 Dec: Vitamin E: Regulatory Role on Signal Transduction;
- 2019 Jan: Tocotrienols Modulate a Life or Death Decision in Cancers;
- 2019 Jan: Utilization of Vitamin E Analogs to Protect Normal Tissues While Enhancing Antitumor Effects.
Commento - Editoriale - Lettera all'editore - Comunicazione - Corrispondenza
- 1992 Aug: beta-Carotene and alpha-tocopherol are synergistic antioxidants;
- 1999 Oct: Synergism between vitamins E and C: Biological implications for future research;
- 2006 Feb: Antioxidants in cancer therapy.
Meta-analisi, analisi aggregata e recensioni narrative
- 2011 Oct: Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression;
- 2015 Apr: Dietary vitamin E intake could reduce the risk of lung cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis;
- 2015 May: Vitamin e intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies;
- 2017 Mar: Association of dietary vitamin E intake with risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis;
- 2018 Jun: Association between Dietary Vitamin E Intake and Esophageal Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis;
In Vivo (Solo umani: case report / serie, studi clinici, studi comparativi, studi randomizzati controllati e studi retrospettivi)
- 1987 Jul: Lack of tocopherol in peripheral nerves of vitamin E-deficient patients with peripheral neuropathy;
- 1990 Sep: Relationships of vitamins A and E and beta-carotene serum levels to head and neck cancer patients with and without second primary tumors;
- 1992 May: Vitamin E in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced mucositis;
- 1994 Feb: Some aspects of vitamin E related to humans and breast cancer prevention;
- 1998 Jan: Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong survival for severely ill patients with generalized malignancy: a randomized control trial;
- 1998 Oct: Beta-carotene with vitamins E and C offers synergistic cell protection against NOx;
- 1999 Oct: Striking regression of chronic radiotherapy damage in a clinical trial of combined pentoxifylline and tocopherol;
- 2001 Apr: Cyclophosphamide plus Somatostatin, Bromocriptin, Retinoids, Melatonin and ACTH in the Treatment of Low-grade Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas at Advanced Stage: Results of a Phase II Trial;
- 2002 Feb: The Safety of High-Dose Vitamin E Supplementation in Healthy Japanese Male Adults;
- 2003 Mar: Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E supplementation in patients treated with cisplatin chemotherapy;
- 2003 Jul: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of combined pentoxifylline and tocopherol for regression of superficial radiation-induced fibrosis;
- 2004 Apr: Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol in head and neck cancer radiation-induced mucositis: a double-blind randomized trial;
- 2004 Jun: Low antioxidant vitamin intakes are associated with increases in adverse effects of chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia;
- 2005 Sep: Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia due to docetaxel-capecitabine therapy is treated with vitamin E without dose reduction;
- 2006 Feb: Somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with low performance status;
- 2006 Apr: A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of vitamin E supplementation for protection against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: final results;
- 2006 Sep: Preventing paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: a phase II trial of vitamin E supplementation;
- 2006 Nov-Dec: Relapse of high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplantation: a case successfully treated with cyclophosphamide plus somatostatin, bromocriptine, melatonin, retinoids, and ACTH;
- 2007 Jan-Feb: Low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma at advanced stage: a case successfully treated with cyclophosphamide plus somatostatin, bromocriptine, retinoids, and melatonin;
- 2007 Feb: Salivary vitamins E and C in oral cancer;
- 2007 Feb: Somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and low performance status;
- 2007 Feb: The effectiveness of vitamin "E" in the treatment of oral mucositis in children receiving chemotherapy;
- 2007 Nov-Dec: Serum alpha-tocopherol, retinol and neopterin during paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy;
- 2008 Apr: Salivary Levels Vitamin E and C in Different Histological Grading of Oral Cancer;
- 2008 Jun: A randomized prospective study of extended tocopherol and pentoxifylline therapy, in addition to carbogen, in the treatment of radiation late effects;
- 2008 Dec: Complete objective response to biological therapy of plurifocal breast carcinoma;
- 2009 Jun: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: long-lasting remission with combination of cyclophosphamide, somatostatin, bromocriptine, retinoids, melatonin, and ACTH;
- 2009 Sep: Complete objective response of oesophageal squamocellular carcinoma to biological treatment;
- 2009 Oct: Complete objective response of neuroblastoma to biological treatment;
- 2010 Aug: Serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol and systemic inflammatory response in metastatic colorectal carcinoma patients treated with combination chemotherapy and cetuximab;
- 2010 Nov: Efficacy of Vitamin E Treatment for Hand-Foot Syndrome in Patients Receiving Capecitabine;
- 2011 Feb: Modulatory action of α-tocopherol on erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase against radiation damage in oral cancer;
- 2011 Sep: The Di Bella Method (DBM) improved survival, objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 122 cases of breast cancer;
- 2012 May: The Di Bella Method (DBM) improved survival, objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 23 tumours of the head and neck;
- 2012 Oct: An evaluation of Vitamin E and Pycnogenol in children suffering from oral mucositis during cancer chemotherapy;
- 2012 Dec: The Di Bella Method (DBM) improved survival, objective response and performance status in a retrospective observational clinical study on 55 cases of lymphomas;
- 2013 Aug: Does vitamin E protect salivary glands from I-131 radiation damage in patients with thyroid cancer?;
- 2013 Nov: The Di Bella Method (DBM) in the treatment of prostate cancer: a preliminary retrospective study of 16 patients and a review of the literature;
- 2013 Dec: Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the first-line treatment with somatostatin combined with melatonin, retinoids, vitamin D3, and low doses of cyclophosphamide in 20 cases of breast cancer: a preliminary report;
- 2014 Nov: A Phase I Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Presurgical Trial of Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Neoplasia;
- 2015 Jan: Efficacy of Topical and Systemic Vitamin E in Preventing Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis;
- 2015 May: Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme (grade IV – WHO 2007): a case of complete objective response achieved by means of the concomitant administration of Somatostatin and Octreotide – Retinoids – Vitamin E – Vitamin D3 – Vitamin C – Melatonin – D2 R agonists (Di Bella Method – DBM) associated with Temozolomide;
- 2016 Jan: Congenital fibrosarcoma in complete remission with Somatostatin, Bromocriptine, Retinoids, Vitamin D3, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Melatonin, Calcium, Chondroitin sulfate associated with low doses of Cyclophosphamide in a 14-year Follow Up. Case Report;
- 2016 Apr: Randomized Trial of Vitamin C/E Complex for Prevention of Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer;
- 2017 Jan: Effect of Subcutaneous Sterile Vitamin E Ointment on Incisional Surgical Site Infection after Elective Laparoscopic Colorectal Cancer Surgery;
- 2017 Jul-Dec: Prophylactic Use of Pentoxifylline and Tocopherol in Patients Undergoing Dental Extractions Following Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer;
- 2017 Dec: Complete objective response, stable for 5 years, with the Di Bella Method, of multiple-metastatic carcinoma of the breast;
- 2017 Dec: The Vitamin E Preventive Effect on Taxol-Induced Neuropathy Among Patients With Breast Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial;
- 2018 Mar: The Synergism of Somatostatin, Melatonin, Vitamins Prolactin and Estrogen Inhibitors Increased Survival, Objective Response and Performance Status In 297 Cases of Breast Cancer;
- 2019 Feb: The Effect of Oral Care with Chlorhexidine, Vitamin E and Honey on Mucositis in Pediatric Intensive Care Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial;
- 2019 Feb: The effect of vitamin D and E vaginal suppositories on tamoxifen-induced vaginal atrophy in women with breast cancer;
- 2019 May: A Prospective Study of Serum Vitamin E and 28-Year Risk of Lung Cancer.